ON THE CONSTITUTION OF IMMUNE (LIMPHOID) SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW) 

Petrenko Valeriy Mikhaylovich, Doctor of medical sciences, professor, senior staff scientist, "OLME» LLC (13 11 Krasnoarmeyskaya street, St. Petersburg, Russia), E-mail: deptanatomy@hotmail.com 

611.4 

10.21685/2072-3032-2019-2-9 

Background. Today, research in the field of immunity is usually carried out at the level of cells and their interactions: lymphoid formations consist of lymphocytes, which determine the functions of immune structures. The anatomy of the immune process is considered as part of the lymphatic system, which includes not only the lymphatic vessels and nodes, and all lymphoid formations, including the thymus.In the last half a century, much attention has been focused on the problem of immunity. Therefore, a new section was introduced in the international anatomical terminology – "lymphoid system", and the section "lymphatic system" is missing. According to the" compromise " point of view, the lymphatic system is part of the vascular system, and part of the immune system. I decided to describe the сonstitution of the immune (lymphoid) system, which plays a leading role in the organization of immunity.
Results. To the lymphoid system include and lymphoid organs, primary and secondary, and just a cluster of lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes move between lymphoid organs and other tissues through blood vessels. Among them, the arteries are the most stable, because they have thicker and denser walls. Therefore, they make up the axial skeleton to form the body, and the lymph nodes are placed around the arteries and function in connection with them.
Conclusions. The general structure (constitution) of the immune (lymphoid) system, which predetermines the performance of its specific function, is based on the close connection of lymphoid structures with blood vessels. By their closed, circular chain occurs (re)circulation of lymphocytes. From the moment of anlage, lymphoid formations are placed around and along the aorta and its branches, as well as in connection with veins and lymphatic vessels. The latter can serve not only as a drainage of lymphoid formations, but also as a source (afferent vessels in their presence) of antigens in them. 

lymphocytes, blood vessels, lymphoid system, сonstitution 

1. Abelev G. I. Sorosovskiy Obrazovatel'nyy zhurnal [Sorov Educational Journal]. 1996, no. 5, pp. 4–10. [In Russian]
2. Beloveshkin A. G. Meditsinskiy zhurnal [Medical journal]. 2012, no. 2, pp. 19–22. [In Russian]
3. Borodin Yu. I. Limfologiya: ot fundamental'nykh issledovaniy k meditsinskim tekhnologiyam [Lymphology: from basic research to medical technologies]. Novosibirsk, 2016, pp. 5–12. [In Russian]
4. Vlasov V. A. Morfometricheskie issledovaniya zon bryzheechnykh limfaticheskikh uzlov v antenatal'nyy period razvitiya [Morphometric study of mesenteric lymph nodes in the antenatal development period]. 2012. Available at: http://www.rusnauka.com/3/3_ANR_2012/Medecine/8_100040.doc.htm [In Russian]
5. Karpocheva I. G., Galeeva E. N. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya [Modern problems of science and education]. 2017, no. 2, p. 83. [In Russian]
6. Kozlov V. I., Krivskiy I. L. Anatomiya limfoidnoy sistemy i putey ottoka limfy: ucheb. posobie [Anatomy of the lymphoid system and lymph outflow tracts: teaching aid]. Moscow: Izd-vo RUDN, 2005, 56 p. [In Russian]
7. Kozlova A. N., Stadnikov A. A., Solodovnikov V. V. Gemopoez i ego regulyatsiya: ucheb. posobie dlya studentov med. vuzov [Hemopoiesis and its regulation: tutorial for medical university students]. Orenburg: Izd-vo OrGMA, 2010, 110 p. [In Russian]
8. Konenkov V. I. Fundamental'nye problemy limfologii i kletochnoy biologii: materialy X Mezhdunar. konf. [Fundamental problems of lymphology and cellular biology: proceedings of X International conference]. Novosibirsk, 2011, pp. 169–172. [In Russian]
9. Sapin M. R. Morfologiya [Morphology]. 2007, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 18–22. [In Russian]
10. Khaitov R. M. Immunologiya: uchebnik [Immunology: textbook]. 3rd ed. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2016, 496 p. [In Russian]
11. Yarilin A. A. Rossiyskiy immunologicheskiy zhurnal [Russian immunological journal]. 2012, vol. 6 (14), no. 2 (1), pp. 14–16. [In Russian]
12. Burmester G.-R., Pezzutto A. Color atlas of Immunology. Stuttgart; NewYork: Thieme, 2003, 320 p.
13. Ivarsson M. A. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, vol. 123, iss. 9, pp. 3889–3901.
14. Manley N. R., Condie B. G. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2010, vol. 92, pp. 103–120.
15. Mouri Y. Journal of immunology. 2011, vol. 186, iss. 9, pp. 5047–5057.
16. Rabson A., Roitt I. M., Delves P. J. Really essential medical immunology. 2th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Lid., 2005, 320 p.
17. Ben-Hur H. International Journal Molecular Medicine. 2004, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 35–42.
18. Zhdanov D. A. Funktsional'naya anatomiya limfaticheskoy sistemy [Functional anatomy of the lymphatic system]. Gorkiy: Gor'kovskiy meditsinskiy institut, 1940, iss. 9, 375 p. [In Russian]
19. Zhdanov D. A. Obshchaya anatomiya i fiziologiya limfaticheskoy sistemy [General anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system]. Leningrad: Medgiz, 1952, 336 p. [In Russian]
20. Petrenko V. M. Limfaticheskiy uzel [Lymph node]. Leningrad: Tr. LSGMI, 1987, pp. 31–34. [In Russian]
21. Petrenko V. M. Arkhiv anatomii [Anatomical archive]. 1989, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 56–61. [In Russian]
22. Petrenko V. M. Morfologiya [Morphology]. 1997, vol. 112, no. 5, pp. 55–58. [In Russian]
23. Petrenko V. M. Morfologiya [Morphology]. 1997, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 41–44. [In Russian]
24. Mezhdunarodnaya anatomicheskaya terminologiya (s ofits. spiskom russkikh ekvivalentov) [International anatomical terminology (with the official list of Russian equivalents)]. Ed. by L. L. Kolesnikov. Moscow: Meditsina, 2003, 424 p. [In Russian]
25. Földi M., Kubik S. Lehrbuch der Lymphologie [Textbook of lymphology]. Stuttgart; Jena; New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1991, 225 p.
26. Petrenko V. M. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental'nykh issledovaniy [International journal of applied and fundamental research]. 2013, no. 12, pp. 94–97. [In Russian]
27. Petrenko V. M. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental'nykh issledovaniy [International journal of applied and fundamental research]. 2014, no. 8-1, pp. 59–62. [In Russian]
28. Petrenko V. M. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental'nykh issledovaniy [International journal of applied and fundamental research]. 2014, no. 8-3, pp. 67–70. [In Russian]
29. Petrenko V. M. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal priklad-nykh i fundamental'nykh issledovaniy [International journal of applied and fundamental research]. 2014, no. 9-2, pp. 78–81. [In Russian]
30. Petrenko V. M. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental'nykh issledovaniy [International journal of applied and fundamental research]. 2016, no. 8-1, pp. 46–51. [In Russian]
31. Petrenko V. M. Internat. Journ. Biomed. 2012, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 304–305.
32. Konenkov V. I., Borodin Yu. I., Lyubarskiy M. S. Limfologiya [Lymphology]. Novosibirsk: Manuskript, 2012, 1104 p. [In Russian]
33. Lozovoy V. P., Shergin S. M. Strukturno-funktsional'naya organizatsiya immunnoy sistemy [Structural and functional organization of the immune system]. Novosibirsk: Nauka SO, 1981, 226 p. [In Russian]
34. Petrenko V. M. Kak ustroena zhizn'? Anatomiya poiska [How daes life work? Anatomy of search]. Moscow; Berlin: Direkt-Media, 2018, 113 p. [In Russian]
35. Sapin M. R., Borzyak E. I. Vneorgannye puti transporta limfy [Non-organic lymph transporting paths]. Moscow: Meditsina, 1982, 264 p. [In Russian]
36. Sapin M. R., Etingen L. E. Immunnaya sistema cheloveka [Human immune system]. Moscow: Meditsina, 1996, 304 p. [In Russian]
37. Ognev B. V. Narushenie krovo- i limfoobrashcheniya v probleme khronicheskoy venoznoy nedostatochnosti nizhnikh konechnostey [Disturbed blood and lymph circulation in the problem of chronic venous insufficiency of lower limbs]. Moscow, 1970, pp. 4–10. [In Russian]
38. Petrenko V. M. Natsional'naya assotsiatsiya uchenykh [National Association of Scientisits]. 2015, no. 5-4, pp. 71–74. [In Russian]
39. Petrenko V. M. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Meditsinskie nauki [University proceedings. Volga region. Medical sciences]. 2017, no. 3 (43), pp. 129–138. [In Russian]
40. Kovanov A. A., Anikina T. I. Khirurgicheskaya anatomiya arteriy cheloveka [Surgical anatomy of human arteries]. Moscow: Meditsina, 1974, 360 p. [In Russian]
41. Shevkunenko V. N., Geselevich A. M. Tipovaya anatomiya cheloveka [Standard human anatomy]. Leningrad; Moscow: OGIZ: Gos. izd-vo biol. i med. lit-ry, 1935, 232 p. [In Russian]
42. Dai Y., Dai D., Wang X. et al. Cardivasc. Drugs. Ther. 2014, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 425–432.
43. Grandal M. V., Madshus I. H. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2008, vol. 12, no. 5A, pp. 1527–1534.
44. Gratzinger D., Zhao S., Marinelli R. J. et al. Am. J. Pathol. 2007, vol. 170, pp. 1362–1369.
45. Hlatky M. A., Ashley E., Quertermous T. et al. Am. Heart. J. 2007, no. 154, pp. 1043–1051.
46. Mineur P., Colige A. C., Deroanne C. F. et al. J. Cell. Biol. 2007, vol. 179, no. 6, pp. 1261–1273.
47. Shin J. W., Jurisic G., Detmar M. Exp. Cell.Res. 2008, vol. 314, no. 16, pp. 3048–3056.
48. Ueda E., Ozerdem U., Chen Y. H. et al. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2006, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 95–111.
49. Van der Pouw Kraan T. C., Wijbrandts C. A., Van Baarsen L. G. et al. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2008, vol. 67, pp. 563–566.
50. Olszewski W. L. Handchir. Mikrochir. Plast. Chir. 2012, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 322–328.